Trisatya :
Demi Kehormatanku aku berjanji akan bersungguh-sungguh :
1. Menjalankan kewajiban terhadap Tuhan dan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia dan menjalankan pancasila
2. Menolong sesama hidup dan ikut serta membangun masyarakat.
3. Menepati Dasadharma
Dasadharma :
Pramuka itu :
01.Takwa kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa.
02.Cinta alam dan kasih sayang sesama manusia
03.Patriot yang sopan dan ksatria
04.Patuh dan suka bermusyawarah
05.Rela menolong dan tabah
06.Rajin,Terampil,dan Gembira
07.Hemat,Cermat dan Bersahaja
08.Disiplin,Berani dan Setia
09.Bertanggung jawab dan dapat dipercaya
10.Suci dalam Pikiran,Perkataan dan Perbuatan
Kamis, Januari 20, 2011
Editorial: FIFA Weigh In On Indonesian "Rebel League", But They Are Missing The Point
Problems in the archipelago...
By Ewan Macdonald & Bima Said
Jan 18, 2011 3:00:00 PM
Among the football-crazy countries of South East Asia, not one has a national team at the 2011 Asian Cup in Qatar. The truly sad part of this is that it's no great surprise. Above all, it's no shock whatsoever to the long-suffering fans of a country that should be a flag-bearer for the region: Indonesia.
Indonesia may be a vast country of over 200 million people. It may have over seven million players to choose from. And it may have some of the most fanatical football fans in the world. But it remains a sporting backwater - a place where the national team hasn't played in a World Cup since the 1930s and hasn't progressed beyond the first round of the Asian Cup since... well, ever.
Surely this isn't down to a lack of enthusiasm among the country's footballers and fans. As mentioned, there is a potential talent pool here to rival all but the biggest nations on earth, and - along with badminton - football enjoys a special place in the hearts of the people. Nor is it down to a lack of potential infrastructure: the country boasts some fine stadiums and good communications, as well as a fanbase waiting for a national team - and, before that, a national league - worthy of their support.
But all signs are that the current footballing authorities in Indonesia aren't up to the task. Nepotism, incompetence, anti-competitiveness - the problems surrounding the game in Indonesia are compelling. And FIFA, the guardians of the global game? They seem happy enough with it - so much so that they've thrown their weight behind attempts to punish the architects of a breakaway professional league that's threatening to - hold onto your hats - fix the appalling state of the Indonesian game.
Lock & Key
Before we get onto FIFA's part, though, it's time to rewind. Why is football in Indonesia in such a mess, and why has a "rebel league" run up the Jolly Roger, risking the ire not just of the local authorities but of FIFA itself?
Indonesian football is governed by the Persatuan Sepakbola Seluruh Indonesia (or Football Association of Indonesia, PSSI), a deeply conservative body which has had the same secretary-general since 1983 and the same president, Nurdin Halid, since 2003. To have long-serving leaders is not unusual in football - but it is when one of them has spent much of his time behind bars.
Halid was arrested in 2004, accused of sugar smuggling; shortly afterwards he was again detained, this time on suspicion on corruption relating to cooking oil distribution. By 2005 he'd managed to secure his release, but in 2007 he was again behind bars for these original charges. In the midst of all this he also managed to allegedly violate customs rules with the importation of rice from Vietnam in 2005, serving more time for that. Oh, and he was also running Indonesian football - his jail terms were no hindrance to his re-election, which took place in 2007.
It later transpired that Halid was a member of the Golkar political party faction - no mere piece of trivia, given that FIFA tend to frown upon the interference of politics in football, and also due to the fact that the PSSI's flagship competition, the Liga Indonesia, is heavily based on public funds. Indeed, the top clubs in Indonesia are run largely based on stipends from Indonesia's Local Government Budget (APBD): money is disbursed to the provinces, who in turn fund their teams.
Pay The Price
One could argue that such a system means that local authorities - and maybe thus local people - will strongly identify with their team, meaning that it can grow stronger and wealthier. But in fact many Indonesians argue strongly that such a system has failed - and that Nurdin Halid is very much responsible.
Until 2008 the top flight was an unwieldy, multi-group beast where relegation was virtually unknown due to constant expansion. Admittedly things improved with the new Super League structure in 2008-09, but that merely moved the team stagnation problem down a level, while the new, slimline top flight has failed to produce a significant increase in quality.
That's very much clear at the continental level. The 2008-09 winners, Persipuya Jayapura, were Indonesia's sole representatives at the Asian Champions League of 2010, and here they utterly bombed, conceding 29 goals in six matches, including a humiliating 9 at the hands of Chinese side Changchun Yatai (whom, funnily enough, Jayapura then beat in the return leg.) In the AFC Cup - the continent's silver competition - Sriwjaya at least got out of the group stage, but were then humiliated 4-1 by Thai Port. Persiwa Wamena's contribution doesn't even bear mentioning.
Small wonder, then, that with such a failing system there was a groundswell of desire for change. In the wake of Indonesia's failing to win a single game in Asian Cup 2011 qualifying, it was generally agreed that something had to be done. In early 2010, the country's fans still glowing from the visit of the FIFA World Cup Trophy Tour, Indonesian Youth and Sports Minister Andi Mallarangeng announced a National Football Congress (KSN) to discuss the future of the game.
By March a group of influential figures - former players, current sportsmen, business leaders, media members - had gathered to discuss their own thoughts prior to the KSN, which seemed set to be a ground-shaking event. Indeed, at the end of the month the KSN produced a series of sweeping suggestions for change. The seven-point document became known as the Malang Recommendation:
- The PSSI is to reform and restructure itself on the basis of proposals, suggestions and criticisms and expectations of society, and take concrete steps according to such rules in order to achieve the expected accomplishments of the Indonesian people.
- It is necessary to provide infrastructure development and improvement of sports facilities, especially those of football.
- The PSSI needs to improve communication, coordination, and synchronization with all stakeholders, especially the Central Sports Committee (KONI) and the Government.
- To conduct development of youth football through a special coaching approach based on science and technology, involving a team of doctors, psychologists, scouts, and sports experts; and the need to quickly set a national standard curriculum for organizing football schools.
- The method of coaching young student athletes should also pay attention to formal education.
- The government is to provide a budget to support and sustain the achievement of targets and objectives towards achievement.
- To formulate and implement development programs that focus on the establishment of performance of the national team to become champions of SEA Games of 2011.
The PSSI was expected to listen: it transpired that, aside from the ones involving government cash, they did not. By July even the country's politicians were making noises about the failure of the governing body to live up to even one of the ideas suggested, and in December the final curtain for the PSSI's credibility came as Indonesia failed to win the AFF Cup which, to put it politely, is a competition of modest quality.
The fans had seen it all before: false promises and false hope. But then something very strange happened. Three major clubs waved goodbye to the PSSI and left the league.
Breaking Away
The national team's failure, then, was seen simply as a continuation of the country's governing body to fix the sport, and the big clubs were all too aware of this. Thus, unhappy with the state of their domestic league, three of them decided to go and try something different.
That something different was the Indonesia Premier League - a new competition set up with remarkable swiftness by businessmen and sporting figures from across the country, many of whom had taken part in the KSN. With breakneck pace the new project took shape: even before the AFF Cup started there were plans in the works; as it drew to an end fully 19 clubs were signed up, 16 new to the league and the three aforementioned major sides jumping ship from the PSSI competition.
The aim of the league is to improve the standard of football both on the pitch and off: on the pitch by developing better young players and signing a better standard of foreign import, and also by striving for financial independence. Those clubs who left the PSSI, then, will have to make their own way without further government subsidy.
The new league has all the trappings of a major top flight: a fixed schedule list, fully pro squads, a TV deal, and no small measure of TV coverage. The one thing it lacks is FA approval - and that brings with it the wrath of FIFA.
No Small Matter
FIFA expect their member bodies to regulate all football within their borders, and the PSSI are no exception. Having been informed by the PSSI about the rebel league, FIFA acted quickly to write to the Indonesian authorities with a simple request: take control of the situation.
The letter, signed by FIFA secretary-general Jerome Valcke, calls upon the PSSI to sanction those clubs and indeed those players operating outwith the confines of regulated competition.
The PSSI responded to this letter by publishing its contents and warning onlookers that they would carry out FIFA's instructions and issue punishments to the breakaway clubs, and perhaps even to deny registration rights to players.
Of course the PSSI will point to their FIFA membership, their president's being voted for a new term, and government support as legitimising factors. But there is no doubting the facts on the ground: the governing body has so far failed to address the concern of at least three of the top clubs - more may follow - who have moved on. Furthermore Halid does not have the support of the fans: his base comprises those clubs and officials who rely on the status quo for government funding.
FIFA, then, may have backed the wrong horse. They have their rules, and certainly a measure of control is required for a governing body to be taken seriously, but it seems that the PSSI are not following the spirit of what's required. Simply controlling football within a country isn't enough: it needs to be done with an eye on the future and on success. Instead the PSSI has lumbered along for too long making mere cosmetic changes while the real problems - of illegitimacy, of uncompetitiveness, of a reliance on government funds, of a president who clearly cannot be trusted to keep his affairs in order - continue unopposed.
Valcke may regret throwing his weight behind the PSSI. The Premier League will have its teething problems, and some of the new clubs will come and go, but at the end of it it will be a competition put together to address the concerns of the players and fans who have the potential to turn Indonesia from a footballing backwater into a major Asian force - something that would not happen under the current administration. After all, FIFA have been silent on matters such as poor pitches, late payment of salaries, refereeing inconsistencies, political interference and much more in the "real" league setup - if the new Premier League can avoid just a few of these, what moral right have the guardians of the world's game to call for those taking part to be punished? Unless one wants to accept that power is more important than principle, the Premier League must at least be given a chance to operate without the threat of punishment - for the good of the game.
Senin, Januari 17, 2011
Video Game Meringankan Rasa Sakit
H.O.P.E (Hospital-Based Online Pediatric Envyronment) adalah sebuah program yang dirancang khusus oeh John Hopkins Children's Center di Baltimore, Amerika Serikat untuk pasien anak-anak yang menderita penyakit parah contohnya penyakit GAGAL GINJAL....
Penyakit Gagal Ginjal adalah penyakit yang mana organ ginjalnya sudah tidak berfungsi lagi... Nah, karena fungsi ginjal adalah menyaring darah kotor tenyata ginjal tersebut rusak maka harus diupayakan dengan cara lain... Yaitu dengan mencuci darah darah pasien tersebut... Untuk mencuci darah kotor tersebut maka harus menggunakan alat yang dinamakan Mesin DIALISIS (mesin untuk mencuci darah).
Karena proses mencuci darah memakan waktu yang lama dan cukup menyakitkan, maka Dr. Arun Mathews, Kepala Program H.O.P.E merancang permainan-permainan elektronik yang dapat digunakan selama proses pencucian darah. Bahkan... dengan menggunakan teknologi Internet, pasien yang darahnya sedang dicuci bisa bermain Game Online dengan pasien di rumah sakit lain...
Dr. Arun Mathews (juga gemar bermain game) memiliki satu impian yaitu, di setiap rumah sakit yang ada di dunia ini memiliki program seperti H.O.P.E....... (wuih kalo beneran asik juga yaa,,,)
Beberapa Peneliti di tempat lain bahkan sedang membuat video game yang dirancang secara khusus untuk membantu mereka yang terkena KANKER.... jenis permainannya cukup simpel yaitu tentang si pasien membunuh sel-sel Kanker yang jahat !! judul gamenya yaitu Ben's Game ( diberi judul dari nama seorang anak yang terkena kanker darah , Ben dan Eric..)
Semua ini meruapakan kabar baik untuk kedepannya.... semoga dengan ini dapat membantu kesembuhan pasien menjadi lebih cepat....
Penyakit Gagal Ginjal adalah penyakit yang mana organ ginjalnya sudah tidak berfungsi lagi... Nah, karena fungsi ginjal adalah menyaring darah kotor tenyata ginjal tersebut rusak maka harus diupayakan dengan cara lain... Yaitu dengan mencuci darah darah pasien tersebut... Untuk mencuci darah kotor tersebut maka harus menggunakan alat yang dinamakan Mesin DIALISIS (mesin untuk mencuci darah).
Karena proses mencuci darah memakan waktu yang lama dan cukup menyakitkan, maka Dr. Arun Mathews, Kepala Program H.O.P.E merancang permainan-permainan elektronik yang dapat digunakan selama proses pencucian darah. Bahkan... dengan menggunakan teknologi Internet, pasien yang darahnya sedang dicuci bisa bermain Game Online dengan pasien di rumah sakit lain...
Dr. Arun Mathews (juga gemar bermain game) memiliki satu impian yaitu, di setiap rumah sakit yang ada di dunia ini memiliki program seperti H.O.P.E....... (wuih kalo beneran asik juga yaa,,,)
Beberapa Peneliti di tempat lain bahkan sedang membuat video game yang dirancang secara khusus untuk membantu mereka yang terkena KANKER.... jenis permainannya cukup simpel yaitu tentang si pasien membunuh sel-sel Kanker yang jahat !! judul gamenya yaitu Ben's Game ( diberi judul dari nama seorang anak yang terkena kanker darah , Ben dan Eric..)
Semua ini meruapakan kabar baik untuk kedepannya.... semoga dengan ini dapat membantu kesembuhan pasien menjadi lebih cepat....
Jumat, Januari 14, 2011
Nelson Mandela
After the banning of the ANC in 1960, Nelson Mandela argued for the setting up of a military wing within the ANC. In June 1961, the ANC executive considered his proposal on the use of violent tactics and agreed that those members who wished to involve themselves in Mandela's campaign would not be stopped from doing so by the ANC. This led to the formation of Umkhonto we Sizwe. Mandela was arrested in 1962 and sentenced to five years' imprisonment with hard labour. In 1963, when many fellow leaders of the ANC and the Umkhonto we Sizwe were arrested, Mandela was brought to stand trial with them for plotting to overthrow the government by violence. His statement from the dock received considerable international publicity. On June 12, 1964, eight of the accused, including Mandela, were sentenced to life imprisonment. From 1964 to 1982, he was incarcerated at Robben Island Prison, off Cape Town; thereafter, he was at Pollsmoor Prison, nearby on the mainland.
During his years in prison, Nelson Mandela's reputation grew steadily. He was widely accepted as the most significant black leader in South Africa and became a potent symbol of resistance as the anti-apartheid movement gathered strength. He consistently refused to compromise his political position to obtain his freedom.
Nelson Mandela was released on February 11, 1990. After his release, he plunged himself wholeheartedly into his life's work, striving to attain the goals he and others had set out almost four decades earlier. In 1991, at the first national conference of the ANC held inside South Africa after the organization had been banned in 1960, Mandela was elected President of the ANC while his lifelong friend and colleague, Oliver Tambo, became the organisation's National Chairperson.
Dunia Sungai Brisbane Meluap, Warga Mulai Mengungsi
VIVAnews - Ketinggian air Sungai Brisbane yang terus meninggi memaksa warga kota berpopulasi terbesar di negara bagian Queensland, Australia, pada Rabu 12 Januari 2011, mengungsikan diri. Luapan air diperkirakan masih akan terus meningkat dan puncaknya pada Kamis ini.
Sebanyak 400 orang berduyun-duyun menuju tempat pengungsian di Brisbane dan diperkirakan jumlahnya akan terus bertambah seiring tingginya volume air. Tercatat pada Rabu sore, ketinggian air mencapai 4,3 meter dan terus meningkat setiap detiknya.
Volume ini masih rendah dibandingkan ramalan pemerintah sebelumnya yang mencapai 5,5 meter. Namun demikian, keadaan yang tidak terduga dapat terjadi setiap saat.
"Kami berencana untuk meninggikan tepian sungai. Warga sebaiknya tidak berpergian jika tidak diperlukan. Jika Anda berada di daerah yang diperkirakan akan banjir, atau jika nama jalan Anda terdapat di daftar banjir, sebaiknya segera mengungsi," ujar Walikota Brisbane, Campbell Newman, seperti dilansir dari laman ABC News.
Campbell mengatakan bahwa tim evakuasi banjir telah membuka lima tempat penampungan di seluruh Brisbane yang dapat menampung 6.500 hingga 16.000 warga. Diperkirakan banjir akan memuncak besok dan akan bertahan selama berhari-hari dan akan merendam 19.700 rumah dan 3.500 tempat bisnis.
"Sejauh ini, sudah 35 dari 50 pemukiman warga yang telah terendam banjir, termasuk diantaranya adalah New Farm dan St. Lucia. Evakuasi terus dilakukan sepanjang hari," ujar Campbell.
Dilaporkan transportasi di Brisbane mengalami kemandekan akibat banyaknya jalan yang terendam banjir. Sebanyak 106 jalanan ditutup dan diperkirakan, pada puncaknya, sebanyak 1.657 jalan akan terencam banjir dan tidak dapat dilalui.
Saat ini sebanyak 190.000 karung-karung pasir dan terpal telah diletakkan di depan pusat pertokoan untuk menegah air masuk. Sebanyak 127.000 warga Brisbane juga terpaksa menghabiskan hari-harinya tanpa listrik karena telah lama dipadamkan petugas.
Banjir di negara bagian Queensland telah berlangsung selama lebih dari dua minggu. Banjir menewaskan sedikitnya 22 orang dan puluhan lainnya masih belum ditemukan. Banjir bandang serupa tsunami setinggi delapan meter juga menyapu kota Toowoomba kemarin. Dikhawatirkan, arus banjir bandang akan melewati Brisbane untuk menuju ke laut
• VIVAnews
Sebanyak 400 orang berduyun-duyun menuju tempat pengungsian di Brisbane dan diperkirakan jumlahnya akan terus bertambah seiring tingginya volume air. Tercatat pada Rabu sore, ketinggian air mencapai 4,3 meter dan terus meningkat setiap detiknya.
Volume ini masih rendah dibandingkan ramalan pemerintah sebelumnya yang mencapai 5,5 meter. Namun demikian, keadaan yang tidak terduga dapat terjadi setiap saat.
"Kami berencana untuk meninggikan tepian sungai. Warga sebaiknya tidak berpergian jika tidak diperlukan. Jika Anda berada di daerah yang diperkirakan akan banjir, atau jika nama jalan Anda terdapat di daftar banjir, sebaiknya segera mengungsi," ujar Walikota Brisbane, Campbell Newman, seperti dilansir dari laman ABC News.
Campbell mengatakan bahwa tim evakuasi banjir telah membuka lima tempat penampungan di seluruh Brisbane yang dapat menampung 6.500 hingga 16.000 warga. Diperkirakan banjir akan memuncak besok dan akan bertahan selama berhari-hari dan akan merendam 19.700 rumah dan 3.500 tempat bisnis.
"Sejauh ini, sudah 35 dari 50 pemukiman warga yang telah terendam banjir, termasuk diantaranya adalah New Farm dan St. Lucia. Evakuasi terus dilakukan sepanjang hari," ujar Campbell.
Dilaporkan transportasi di Brisbane mengalami kemandekan akibat banyaknya jalan yang terendam banjir. Sebanyak 106 jalanan ditutup dan diperkirakan, pada puncaknya, sebanyak 1.657 jalan akan terencam banjir dan tidak dapat dilalui.
Saat ini sebanyak 190.000 karung-karung pasir dan terpal telah diletakkan di depan pusat pertokoan untuk menegah air masuk. Sebanyak 127.000 warga Brisbane juga terpaksa menghabiskan hari-harinya tanpa listrik karena telah lama dipadamkan petugas.
Banjir di negara bagian Queensland telah berlangsung selama lebih dari dua minggu. Banjir menewaskan sedikitnya 22 orang dan puluhan lainnya masih belum ditemukan. Banjir bandang serupa tsunami setinggi delapan meter juga menyapu kota Toowoomba kemarin. Dikhawatirkan, arus banjir bandang akan melewati Brisbane untuk menuju ke laut
• VIVAnews
Kamis, Januari 13, 2011
Code Converter
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arti kode di atas bisa dibaca melalui http://www.yellowpipe.com/yis/tools/encrypter/index.php , binary to ASCII
by : http://mm-smkn4-malang.blogspot.com/
arti kode di atas bisa dibaca melalui http://www.yellowpipe.com/yis/tools/encrypter/index.php , binary to ASCII
by : http://mm-smkn4-malang.blogspot.com/
Etimologi Multimedia
Etimologi Multimedia menurut asal katanya adalah:
MULTI (latin nouns) : Banyak, macam-macam
MEDIA (latin): Sesuatu yang dipakai untuk menyampaikan atau membawa sesuatu.
Terdapat beberapa definisi menurut beberapa ahli mengenai multimedia dalam konteks komputer:
1. Multimedia adalah persekutuan media diantara sumber dan pemasukan informasi, di presentasikan dan di terima (Robert webking,2001)
2. Kombinasi dari tiga elemen: suara, gambar, dan teks (McCommick,1996)
3. Kombinasi dari paling sedikit dua media input atau output. Media ini dapat berupa audio, video, treks, grafik, dan gambar (Turban dan kawan-kawan)
4. Alat yang dapat menciptakan presentasi yang dinamis dan interaktif yang mengkombinasikan teks,grafik, animasi, audio, dan video (Robin dan Linda,2001)
Secara garis besar multimedia dapat didefinisikan sebagai penggunaan beberapa media yang berbeda untuk menggabungkan dan menyampaikan informasi dalam bentuk teks, audio, grafik, animasi, dan video dengan menggabungkan link dan tool yang memungkinkan pengguna melakukan navigasi, berinteraksi, berkreasi, dan berkomunikasi.
MULTI (latin nouns) : Banyak, macam-macam
MEDIA (latin): Sesuatu yang dipakai untuk menyampaikan atau membawa sesuatu.
Terdapat beberapa definisi menurut beberapa ahli mengenai multimedia dalam konteks komputer:
1. Multimedia adalah persekutuan media diantara sumber dan pemasukan informasi, di presentasikan dan di terima (Robert webking,2001)
2. Kombinasi dari tiga elemen: suara, gambar, dan teks (McCommick,1996)
3. Kombinasi dari paling sedikit dua media input atau output. Media ini dapat berupa audio, video, treks, grafik, dan gambar (Turban dan kawan-kawan)
4. Alat yang dapat menciptakan presentasi yang dinamis dan interaktif yang mengkombinasikan teks,grafik, animasi, audio, dan video (Robin dan Linda,2001)
Secara garis besar multimedia dapat didefinisikan sebagai penggunaan beberapa media yang berbeda untuk menggabungkan dan menyampaikan informasi dalam bentuk teks, audio, grafik, animasi, dan video dengan menggabungkan link dan tool yang memungkinkan pengguna melakukan navigasi, berinteraksi, berkreasi, dan berkomunikasi.
Rabu, Januari 12, 2011
Riedl Kesal Pemain Kurang Serius Ikut Seleksi
Latihan ketiga gelombang kedua seleksi timnas U-23 kembali digelar di Lapangan C, Senayan, Jakarta. Komunikasi dan kerjasama tim menjadi fokus pelatih timnas Indonesia Alfred Riedl.
Ada 30 pemain yang menjalani seleksi pagi ini. Ketika para pemain melakukan umpan-umpan pendek, Riedl sempat mengungkapkan kekesalannya karena hampir tidak ada pemain yang melakukan komunikasi dalam mengumpan.
"Bicara, bicara. Umpan yang keras. Kakek saya bisa mengumpan lebih keras daripada kalian," ujar Riedl kepada pemain dengan lantang.
Selain melakukan latihan umpan-umpan pendek, para pemain juga melakukan latih tanding dan kerjasama penyelesaian akhir di depan gawang.
Pemain keturunan asal Belanda, Ruben Wuarbanaran, tidak bisa mengikuti latihan pagi ini karena masih mengalami cedera otot paha yang didapatnya saat melakoni latihan sore kemarin, Selasa 11 Januari 2011.
Pemain asal klub Belanda FC Den Bosch ini berlatih di bawah pengawasan fisioterapis sepanjang sesi latihan. Latihan dimulai pukul 08.00 WIB pagi dan berakhir 09.30 WIB.
Sejarah Blog
Pada mulanya, di era sebelum blogging menjadi bahan perbincangan hangat komunitass digital menggunakan beberapa layanan, seperti : Genie,BiX,Usenet dan Buletin Board System. Pada awal 1990-an, perkembangan tekhnologi telah menghasilkan layanan yang lebih baik.
Hingga tahun 1998, jumlah pemilik blog masih sangat terbatas pada kalangan tertentu, yang mempunyai tekhnik pembuatan website, HTML dan Web hosting untuk membuat blog.
Pada tahun 1999, istilah “blog” mulao beranjak menjadi populerseiring meningkatnya popularitas web. Peluncuran peranti open diary dan beberapa peranti lain yang ditambahkan pada blog pada tahun 1998 telah membawa pengaruh signifikan pada perkembangan open diary, sehingga mencapai ribuan online diary yang beredar.
Hingga tahun 1998, jumlah pemilik blog masih sangat terbatas pada kalangan tertentu, yang mempunyai tekhnik pembuatan website, HTML dan Web hosting untuk membuat blog.
Pada tahun 1999, istilah “blog” mulao beranjak menjadi populerseiring meningkatnya popularitas web. Peluncuran peranti open diary dan beberapa peranti lain yang ditambahkan pada blog pada tahun 1998 telah membawa pengaruh signifikan pada perkembangan open diary, sehingga mencapai ribuan online diary yang beredar.
Biogas
Biogas adalah gas yang dihasilkan oleh aktivitas anaerobic atau fermentasi dari bahan-bahan organic termasuk diantaranya kotoran manusia dan hewan, limbah domestik (rumah tangga), sampah biodegradable atau setiap limbah organik yang biodegradable dalam kondisi anaerobik. Kandungan utama dalam biogas adalah metana dan karbon dioksida.
Biogas yang dihasilkan oleh aktivitas anaerobik sangat populer digunakan untuk mengolah limbah biodegradable karena bahan bakar dapat dihasilkan sambil menghancurkan bakteri patogen dan sekaligus mengurangi volume limbah buangan. Metana dalam biogas, bila terbakar akan relatif lebih bersih daripada batu bara, dan menghasilkan energi yang lebih besar dengan emisi karbon dioksida yang lebih sedikit. Pemanfaatan biogas memegang peranan penting dalam manajemen limbah karena metana merupakan gas rumah kaca yang lebih berbahaya dalam pemansan global bila dibandingkan dengan karbon dioksida. Karbon dalam biogas merupakan karbon yang diambil dari atmosfer oleh Fotosintetis tanaman, sehingga bila dilepaskan lagi ke atmosfer tidak akan menambah jumlah karbon diatmosfer bila dibandingkan dengan pembakaran bahan bakar fosil.
Saat ini, banyak negara maju meningkatkan penggunaan biogas yang dihasilkan baik dari limbah cair maupun limbah padat atau yang dihasilkan dari sistem pengolahan biologi mekanis
pada tempat pengolahan limbah...
